Hordhac Faafiddii Beeraha
Taariikhda faafitaanka beeraha waxaa laga heli karaa bulshooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee Mesobotaamiya, kuwaas oo horumariyay dhaqamada beeraha si ay u helaan cunto la isku halayn karo. Markii ay bulshooyinku horumareen, isla markaana is-dhexgelayeen, waxa la wadaagay aqoonta beeraha iyo hal-abuurnimada, taasoo keentay in dalagyada iyo xooluhu ku fidaan gobollada. Mid ka mid ah tusaalooyinkii ugu horreeyay ee faafinta beeraha ayaa ka dhacay Crescent Bacrin ah, oo ah gobol ku fidsan Ciraaq ilaa falastiin, halkaas oo kacaankii ugu horreeyay ee beeralayda uu dhacay qiyaastii 10,000 BC. Hal-abuurrada laga sameeyay gobolkan, sida beerista qamadiga, shaciirta, iyo dalagyada kale ee firileyda, ayaa aakhirkii ku fiday meelo kale oo adduunka ah oo ay ku jiraan Yurub iyo Aasiya. Qarniyadii xigay, fidinta beeralayda ayaa sii socday taas oo ay keentay ganacsigii, qabsashadii, iyo isdhaafsiga dhaqameed. Tusaale ahaan, qabsashadii Carabtu ee qarniyadii 7aad iyo 8aad ee CE waxay keeneen dhaqammo cusub oo beero iyo dalagyo, sida sonkorta, Bariga Dhexe iyo Waqooyiga Afrika. Sidoo kale, Isweydaarsiga Columbia ee qarnigii 16aad wuxuu dalagyada sida galleyda, baradhada, iyo yaanyada u keenay Yurub iyo meelo kale oo adduunka ah. Xilliga casriga ah, faafinta beeraha waxaa fududeeyay horumarka laga sameeyay gaadiidka iyo teknoolojiyadda isgaarsiinta, taasoo u oggolaanaysa faafinta degdegga ah ee hal-abuurka cusub ee beeraha iyo dhaqamada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, taariikhda faafinta beeralayda waxay sidoo kale muujinaysaa muhiimadda ay leedahay in la tixgeliyo saamaynta suurtagalka ah ee hababka cusub ee beeraha iyo tignoolajiyada ee nidaamka deegaanka, dhaqamada beeralayda dhaqameed, iyo caadooyinka dhaqameed.
Faafiddii Beeraha
Billowgii beerashadu waxa uu ahaa mid ka mid ah isbeddellada ugu waaweyn ee dunida iyo dadkaba saameynta weyn ku yeeshay. Noloshii dunida dusheeda ahayd dhan kale u rogay. Becrashada oo ka billaabatay aagag badan, oo kala duwan waxaa saldhig u ah meelayowgaas ay ka billaabatay ilo-biyoodyo: hareeraha webiyada iyo balliyada. Sida lagu yaqaan caadooyinka inbu Aadanka, kolka ay meel isugu soo uruuraan waxa ay sameeyaan waxyaalo aan horay loo aqoon ama kuwa aqoon loo lahaa ayay wax ka beddelaan, horuna- umariyaan. Dadyowgaas billaabay beerashada ayaa ugu horreeyay aqoonta la xariirta beeraha iyo qaab beerashada casriga ah. Hindisidda hababka waraabinta, kala rogidda dalagyada iyo farsamooyin casrigan la adeegsado, ayay lahaayeen.
Umadahaasi kaliya ma aysan horumarin beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha e, waxa kale oo ay soo siyaadiyeen ilbxnimooyinka maanta sooyaaladooda looga warramo Kutubta sooyaallada. Ilbaxnimadii Mesobotaamiya ayaa ugu weyn ilbxnimooyinka la rumeysanyahay in ay ugu horreeyeen, ka hor inta aysan samaysmin dhowrn ilbaxnimo oo middii Masaaridii hore ay ka mid tahay. Ilbaxnimooyinka samaysankooda waxyaabaha ugu waaweyn ee saacidayay. waxaa ugu mudan: webiyada iyo aagag ay biyuhu ku badanyihiin. Intooda badan ilbaxnimooyinkii hore waxa ay ka unkanmeen meelaha ila-biyoodyada. Mesobotaamiya oo hadda ah waddanka Ciraaq ayaa ah asalka ay ka samaysantay ilbaxnimadaan caanka ah. Qolyihii ugu horreeyay ee maamula madaxna ka noqday ilbaxnimadan waxa ay ahaayeen Suumeriyiin. Suumeriyiintu waxa ay wax badan ka beddeleen hab nololeedkii aaggaas. Waxa ay qoreen far loo yaqaan MUSMAARIYA, oo ay ka sameyn jireen dhegxaan la qoray. Mesobotaamiya oo micna ahaan ah labada webil dhexdooda; Waa aagga u dhexeeya labada webi ee DIJLA iyo FURAAT. Halkaas oo ay ka dhismeen dowlado dhawrn ah: Suumeriyiin oo aan sadarrada kore ku soo xusnay ayaa ugu horreysay. Baabiliyiin ayaa iyana ka mid ahayd dowladihii aaggaas soo maray. Dowladahan waxa ay door muhim ah ka qaateen isbeddelka qaab nololedka dadka. Waxa ay sameeyaan habka beerashada iyo xoola dhaqashada oo aan horay loo aqoon. Waxa aay horumariyeen qalabka beeraha iyo waraabkooda. Ilbaxnimadii hore Masar waxa ay ahayd ilbaxnimo gacan weyn ka gaysatay koritaanka beerashada, iyada oo hirgelisay adeegsiga waraabka iyo dalagyo badan. Masaaridii hore waxa ay ahaayeen dadka laga soo gaaray waraabka iyo jaadadkiisa kala duwan.Ilbaxnimooyinku sidaas ayay kaga qayb qaateen horumarinta beerashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Ilbaxnimooyinka ka curtay meelo kala duwan ee adduunka waxa ay si baxaad leh u horumariyeen beerashada. Ilbaxnimooyinkii Shiinaha, middii Hindiya, Afrika iyo Ameerika ka dhismay waxa ay ka mid yihiin ilbaxnimooyinka ugu muuqdo ee sida weyn u horumariyay tacabka dalagyada iyo dhaqashda xoolaha. Alle swt ayaa ku beeray insaanka fidrada ah, in uu wax raaraadiyo. Baaristuna waa wax insaanku iska jecelyahay iyo in uu wax hal-abuuro e, waxaa kordhay aqoontii dadka iyo waaya-aragnimadooda. Waxaa la bartay aqoon cusub, mid lagu baaro raadadkii hore iyo dadyowgii hore sida ay u noolaayeen. Aqoontaasi waxa ay dhalisay in dib loogu laabto halka ay ka askunmatay tacbashada iyo dhaqashada xoolaha. Waxa ay daah feyday in xadaaradani meela badan, oo koonka ah ka hana qaaday jeer kala duwan. Meelahaas ay ka billaabatay beerashadu waxa ay ugu yeeraan “centers of oringin”. Saynisyahan lagu magacaabo Vavilov ayaa sameeyay xarumahaan uu ku sheegay in milayo kala duwan laga tacbaday dalagyo kala duwan. Taas oo ka dhigtay in dalagyada la quuto ay maanta leeyihiin asal ay ku abtirsadaan. Tusaale, sisinta iyo haruurka (mesegada) waxaa asalkoodu yahay geeska Afrika. Sidaas ayay dalagyadu waddamo uga soo kala jeedaan. Saynisyahan Vavilov” wuxuu u qaybiyay 8 xarumood (centers), kolkii danbana ilaa 11 ayaa la gaarsiiyay. Aagagaan beerashadu waxa ay uga hana qaaday siyaalo kala duwan iyo sannado kala duwan; hayeeshee waxaan soo qaadanaynaa qayba ka mid ah iyo dalaygada asal ahaan laga tacbaday. Innaga oo tixraacayna baaritaankii Vavilov.
Bariga Dhow (Near East, Persian Center): aaggan waxa uu ku caan yahay oo taariikhyahannadu u soo qaataan asalka beerashada. Waxaana aad looga beertay tirro dalagyo ah, oo *Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (1926): botanist Ruush ah oo ku caan baxay kala saaridda asalka dalagyada la tacbado iyo meelaha asalkoodu yahay. ay ugu mudanyihiin karootada (carrots), ansalaatada (lettuce), tufaaxa (apple) iyo cinabka (grape). Shiinaha (Far East): Bariga Fog, oo inta badan kutubtu magacaas u adeegsto waxa uu ka mid yahay meelaha ay ka hana qaadday tacbashadu. Waxa uuna ka mid yahay meelayowga caanka ku ah dalagyo door ah. Qayba ka mid ah bahda digiraha, cherry, eggplant iyo Chinese tea. Afrika: (Bariga Afrika; Abbyssinia) dhulkaan waxa uu ka mid yahay, xarumaha saynisyahan Vavilob ku daray baaritaannadiisa uu ugu magac daray xarumaha asalka. Waxa ka baxa ama laga beeray markii ugu horreysay dalagyada sisinta sarreenka (gamadiga), baamiyaha, bunka iyo mesegada. Koonfurta-Bartamaha America iyo Mexico: Ameerika iyo wadammo badan oo Koonfurta Ameerika dhacaba waxa ay ka mid yihiin aagagga uu tilmaamay Vavilov. Waxa uu ku sheegay in ay yihiin waddamadan, kuwa asalka u ah dalagyada: bataatiga, galleyda, suufka, kookada iyo tubaakada. Aqoonyahan Vavilob waxa uu ku xusay wadammo badan, oo uu ku sheegay in ay ahayd meelaha dalagyo badan laga tacbaday kolkoodi ugu horreysay. Qaybaha aan kor ku soo xusnay ayaa ka mid ah meelayowgaas. Waxa uuna ugu magacdaray xrumaha asalka (Centers of Origin). Aagaggaan uu ku tilmaamay Vaviliov Xarumaha Asalka, tacbashadu waxa ay ka billaabatay sannado kala duwan. Horumarka iyo sara u-kaca bulshadeed caalamka waxa uu ka noqday mid aad loo wada dareemay. Kororkii magaalooyinka waxa uu dhaliyay in aqoonta dadkuna ay horumarto gaar ahaan-dhanka beeraha. Ka hor Kacaankii Wershada Industrial Revolutinary, 1700s-1800s” dunidu waxa ay soo kordhisay farsamooyin waa weyn oo dhanka beeruhu aad ugu horumareen. Wixii ka danbeeyay Kacaankii Wershadaha.
Makiinadaha beeraha aad ayay u horumareen. Makinadaha loo adeegsado dhul diyaarinta, tallaalidda dalagga, goosashada, kaydinta iyo kala saaridda waxa ay *Industrial revolution: waxa uu ahaa ammin wershadayn iyo hal-abuurnimo ku suntan, oo ka billowday cariga Ingiriiska sannadihii 1700s-1800s. ahaayeen farsamooynika casrigaan la adeegsado cududda ugu weynna ka qaatay horumarka beeraha. Gu’ kale oo muhiim u ah sooyaalka beerashada, Kacaankii Beeraha (Green revolution-1950s-1960s”). Wixii ka danbeeyay sanadadaas, waxaa kordhay wax soosaarka xagga beeraha dhan walba. Abuur tayaysan, dawooyin lagu ilaaliyo cudurrada, nafaqooyin lagu xoojiyo carrada iyo farsamooyin heersara ah ayaa soo kordhay, oo ilaa maanta la adeegsado. Tacbashadu waxa ay qayb weyn ka qaadatay dhisidda. dhaqammo badan oo dunida ka jira. Beerashadu waxa ay qayb ka ahaayeen ka ganacsigii dadka iyo ujeeddooyinkii gumeysiga loogu qaaday qaaradaha adduunka qaarkood. Si kastaba heerar kala duwan iyo horumarro ayay soo martay beerashadu jeer aan maanta ka aragno horumarka weyn ee dunidu ka gaartay; hayeeshee qaar ay ka qatanyihiin. Qarnigan, jilba jiilka uu ka danbeeyo wuxuu keenayaa farsamooyin kuwii hore ka saameyn iyo waxsoosaar bada; isla kolkaana wax badan ku siyaadineyso middii hore.
Green revolution: waxa uu ahaa isbeddel teknoolijiyadeed oo beeraha iyo wax soosaarkooda lala beegsanayay kaas oo kordhinayay wax soosaar beeraha adduunka oo dhan. 1950s-1960s ayuu dhacay. Fidradaan uu Alle ku beeray dadka waxa ay ahaan doontaa mid sii jirta ilaa dhamaadka adduunkan. Beri baa dadkuba qaawanaa, dibad ku noolaaye Oy daaqayeen cowska iyo, darista geedaaye Dareemada mar bay ugu koreen, duudka buuraha e Dalanbaabi iyo guuldarriyo, doogga cuniddiisa Dan baa gelisay inay raadiyaan, nolol ka door roone Dugsi iyo markii ay heleen, dab u iftiimaayo Ugaadhiyo markii ay dabteen, deeradiyo cowsha Duunyada markii ay dhaqdeen, bahalihii duurka Beeraha markii ay degeen, orordki may deyne, Damac baa hoggaanka uqabtoo, door labaad raray. Abwaan Maxamed Ibraahim Warsame Hadraawi’ [Durdur 1973].
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Sii Daalaco: https://wax-soosaar.com/sooyalka-beeraha-soomaaliya-beeraha-soomaaliya/